Examine the federal structure of India in comparison with that of the United States. Analyse how recent Centre–State issues highlight similarities and differences.

Understanding Question – Finding Information

Precise Syllabus Mapping: Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries. (GS Paper – II)

Marks and Words Limit:

• The marks-oriented approach to answering (10-mark, 150-word) questions in the question is to use Bullet Points (one idea per bullet point), Brainstorming, or a combination of both.
• The way to score good marks in questions worth (15 marks. 250 words) is to use the Heading and Subheading method while writing your answers.

Directive words

• Examine → Explain key features with comparison
• Analyse → Link theory with practice using recent Centre–State issues

Focal points of the questions:

• Comparative federal structure: India vs USA
• Contemporary Centre–State issues showing: Similarities, Differences

Dos & Don’ts

Do for Maximum Marks

• Can use Brainstorming Idea: Constitutional design → Operational practice → Centre–State tensions → Federal resilience
• Use comparative headings (India vs USA)
• Anchor analysis in constitutional provisions
• Maintain neutral, analytical tone
• Link recent issues to federal principles, not politics
• Highlight cooperative federalism where relevant

Don’t do these Common Mistakes

• Don’t write two separate country essays
• Avoid political commentary or party references
• Don’t overload with case names or data
• Avoid extreme claims (e.g., “India is not federal”)
• Don’t ignore fiscal federalism