Explain the constitutional distribution of legislative, administrative and financial powers between the Union and the States. Analyse how recent policy initiatives have tested this balance.

Understanding Question- Finding Information

Precise Syllabus Mapping: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein. (GS Paper – II)

Marks and Words Limit:

• The marks-oriented approach to answering (10-mark, 150-word) questions in the question is to use Bullet Points (one idea per bullet point), Brainstorming, or a combination of both.
• The way to score good marks in questions worth (15 marks. 250 words) is to use the Heading and Subheading method while writing your answers.

Directive words

• Explain → Describe the constitutional framework clearly
• Analyse → Examine impact, tensions and implications

Focal points of the questions:

• Constitutional distribution of powers: Legislative, Administrative and Financial
• Testing of federal balance by recent policy initiatives

Dos & Don’ts

Do for Maximum Marks

• Can use Brainstorming Idea: Constitutional division → Policy initiatives → Federal tensions → Need for cooperation
• Anchor answers in constitutional provisions
• Maintain neutral, analytical tone
• Show Centre–State balance, not confrontation
• Use institutional language (federalism, autonomy)
• Link current issues to constitutional framework

Don’t do these Common Mistakes

• Don’t write scheme-heavy or data-heavy answers
• Avoid political or opinionated language
• Don’t ignore States’ perspective
• Avoid extreme “centralisation vs states’ rights” framing
• Don’t forget administrative and financial dimensions